The President's final handshake was with Alien Dulles. By the early 1960s he held right-wing opinions. When this failed he put pressure on Security Council members to vote against the resolution. Frank Gardner Wisner was born in Laurel, Mississippi, in 1910. On January 4, 1951, the CIA merged the two offices and created a new Plans Division, which has had sole control over secret operations of all types since that date. However, there is evidence that he was recruited several years earlier and had been spying on the liberal organizations he had been a member of in the later 1940s. "What about the Russians? Soon afterwards it was renamed the Office of Policy Coordination (OPC). Frank George Wisner II (born July 2, 1938) is an American businessman and former diplomat who had served as acting United States Secretary of State for a few hours following the resignation of the previous acting United States Secretary of State Arnold Kanter at noon on January 20, 1993 until the confirmation by the United States Senate and The New York Times reported that he was a personal friend of former Egyptian president Hosni Mubarak. The man who sits at the head of the table is Frank G. Wisner, a bald, barrel-chested, martini-drinking (he gave up cigars, friends say) 72-year-old retired ambassador and businessman. Its not like other countries were lining up to teach the United States the finer points of espionage, so those first CIA men had to be really smart or slightly crazy. This included George Kennan, Dean Acheson, Richard Bissell, Desmond FitzGerald, Joseph Alsop, Stewart Alsop, Tracy Barnes, Thomas Braden, Philip Graham, David Bruce, Clark Clifford, Walt Rostow, Eugene Rostow, Chip Bohlen, Cord Meyer, James Angleton, William Averill Harriman, John McCloy, Felix Frankfurter, John Sherman Cooper, James Reston, Allen W. Dulles and Paul Nitze. Khrushchev became increasingly concerned about these developments and on 4th November 1956 he sent the Red Army into Hungary. Wisner reportedly suffered a mental breakdown after the Soviet Union quashed the Hungarian revolution in 1956, and in 1965 he committed suicide. A large number of these prisoners were tortured or killed. The OPC had a staff of 10, so this wasnt likely to happen. Arbenz, on the other hand, had simply been trying to reform his country and had not sought foreign help in this. Wisner, as head of the Office of Policy Coordination (OPC), took overall responsibility for the operation. We and our partners use data for Personalised ads and content, ad and content measurement, audience insights and product development. After Pearl Harbor, he. Wisner was told to create an organization that concentrated on "propaganda, economic warfare; preventive direct action, including sabotage, anti-sabotage, demolition and evacuation measures; subversion against hostile states, including assistance to underground resistance groups, and support of indigenous anti-Communist elements in threatened countries of the free world". Arbenz now believed he stood little chance of preventing Castillo gaining power. He was impressive - not at all the disturbing man he was in the shadows. (The CIA posted guards to keep the KGB from seeing who was there.). He said that the country needed "an agrarian reform which puts an end to the latifundios and the semi-feudal practices, giving the land to thousands of peasants, raising their purchasing power and creating a great internal market favorable to the development of domestic industry.". The agency hired Bissell to reflect the new CIA. It did not take him long to discover that some of them had been active in left-wing politics in the 1930s. Wisner began his intelligence career in the Office of Strategic Services in World War II. Sudden Death. "Tomorrow morning, gentlemen," Dulles said, "we will go to the White House to brief the President. Wisner also met Arthur Schlesinger, an OSS sergeant serving in Germany. Crocker's efforts contributed to the organization and successful discussions at the February 1984 Lusaka Conference regarding conflicts in Angola and Namibia.[9]. (1999) has pointed out: "In long exchanges, heated by intellectual passion and alcohol, their vision of a new world order began to take shape. Funded with money from the CIA and MI6, the pro-monarchy forces quickly gained the upper hand. Wisner was disappointed by the US government's reaction to this news and he was forced to advise the Romanian royal family to go into exile. Even with my curious nature, I myself was unaware, except in the vaguest terms, what political action projects were going forward and how (Frank Wisner was spending Marshall Plan counterpart funds.) Wisner was transferred to the OSS station in Wiesbaden. By this time Operation Mockingbird had a major influence over 25 newspapers and wire agencies. After Pearl Harbor, he found himself in the Office of Strategic Services, where he spied behind enemy lines, eventually becoming head of OSS operations in southeastern Europe. Eisenhower spoke to his Chief of Naval Operations "Watch that sub. The lights were turned off while Brad used slides during his report. However, Barnes convinced him that it was vital important that the Soviets did not establish a "beachhead in Central America". According to Nina Burleigh (A Very Private Woman) these journalists sometimes wrote articles that were commissioned by Frank Wisner. In early 2011, the Obama administration asked Wisner to carry views to Egyptian leader Hosni Mubarak, including advice that Mubarak should resign to defuse the crisis. In April 1962 Richard Helms recalled Wisner to Washington. It was a warm summer night. After the war, he headed the Office of Policy Coordination (OPC), one of the OSS successor organizations, from 1948 to 1950. . Alumni include Frank Wisner, one of the CIA's founders, and US ambassador to the UN Edward Stettinius, Jr. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed. The FBI hated them because they didnt want competition. It also highlights the structure and personalities of U.S. decision-making during that late spring of 1994 when hundreds of thousands were killed as the U.S. and other nations stood by. Through think-tanks to foundations, directorates to membership of gentlemen's clubs, these mandarins were interlocked by their institutional affiliations and by a shared belief in their own superiority.". If you would like to change your settings or withdraw consent at any time, the link to do so is in our privacy policy accessible from our home page.. 2022 FOX News Network, LLC. Wisner also met Arthur Schlesinger, an OSS sergeant serving in Germany. However, in 1947, he was recruited by Dean Acheson, to work under Charles Saltzman, at the State Department's Office of Occupied Territories. Other journalists willing to promote the views of the CIA included Stewart Alsop (New York Herald Tribune), Ben Bradlee (Newsweek), James Reston (New York Times), Charles Douglas Jackson (Time Magazine), Walter Pincus (Washington Post), William C. Baggs (Miami News), Herb Gold (Miami News) and Charles Bartlett (Chattanooga Times). Early life [ edit] The CIA began providing financial and logistic support for Colonel Carlos Castillo. Perhaps he had made up his mind to kill himself. Frank Wisner, the father of American covert operations, was both. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. According to Deborah Davis, Meyer became Mockingbird's "principal operative". The nature of Arbenz's government, however, meant that Operation Success launched both the CIA and the United States on a new path. After leaving the OSS Wisner joined the Wall Street law firm, Carter Ledyard. This included the claim that Guatemala was the beginning of "Soviet expansion in the Americas". Now internal subversion communism from within - was an additional cause for direct action. Others like Stewart Alsop, Joseph Alsop and James Reston, were recruited from within the Georgetown Set. 1930 United States Federal Census. Frank Gardner Wisner was born in Laurel, Mississippi, in 1910. Work out a new speech for Brad We went to the White House in the morning. A door opened near me. The man moved away. On April 4, 1953, Wisner persuaded Allen W. Dulles to approve $1 million to be used "in any way that would bring about the fall of Mossadegh." Arbenz began to tackle Guatemala's unequal land distribution. Wisner arrived in England in September, 1959. . Hoover also passed to McCarthy details of an affair that Wisner had with Princess Caradja in Romania during the war. Arbenz now believed he stood little chance of preventing Castillo gaining power. In fact, according to several of his friends, on social occasions he became very aggressive when discussing politics. You've averted a Soviet beachhead in our hemisphere." Vibrant democratic parties, even socialist ones, were preferable to a Communist victory. He was educated at Woodberry Forest School in Orange and the University of Virginia. Thats why when you read about something called the Mission Support Activity, your eyes glaze over before you realize that youre reading about the Joint Special Operations Commands special mission unit for intelligence commandos. The CIA also provided them with classified information to help them with their work. Afterward, he obviously wasnt equipped to go back to the Directorate of Plans, so he was made the station chief in London. During his absence Wisner's job was covered by his chief of operations, Richard Helms. And yet, the junior Wisner cut a path for himself in the diplomatic corps that made him one of the country's most accomplished, and respected, envoys. It was a warm summer night. In July 19, 1954, he created the National Committee of Defense Against Communism and decreed the Preventive Penal Law Against Communism to fight against those who supported Arbenz when he was in power. Faked photographs were distributed that claimed to show the mutilated bodies of opponents of Arbenz. "They don't seem to be up to anything. The President strode from the room. Wisner began having trouble with J. Edgar Hoover. In Hungary the prime minister Imre Nagy removed state control of the mass media and encouraged public discussion on political and economic reform. [1] He was also tapped for the Seven Society. Other journalists willing to promote the views of the CIA included Ben Bradlee (Newsweek), James Reston (New York Times), Charles Douglas Jackson (Time Magazine), Walter Pincus (Washington Post), William C. Baggs (Miami News), Herb Gold (Miami News) and Charles Bartlett (Chattanooga Times). Castillo now reversed the Arbenz reforms. He later claimed that Wisner had become obsessed with the Soviet Union: "He was already mobilizing for the cold war. He talked about his children. http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/JFKwisner.htm, Your email address will not be published. Desmond FitzGerald, a deputy director of the CIA, remembered him as a watchmaker in Detroit on whose shoulders it fell far more than any other man, to build our defenses from the ground up and with all speed., 2023 Minute Media - All Rights Reserved. . Secretary of State John Foster Dulles added that the Guatemala people were living under a "communist type of terrorism". By Nicholas Thompson. In Hungary the prime minister Imre Nagy removed state control of the mass media and encouraged public discussion on political and economic reform. When the war ended, the OSS was shut down and Wisner returned to the soul-draining doldrums of office life. We drank iced tea as we sat around a garden table in Dulles' back yard. I was vaguely uncomfortable. These organizations were run by people with well-known right-wing views such as William Paley (CBS), Henry Luce (Time Magazine and Life Magazine), Arthur Hays Sulzberger (New York Times), Alfred Friendly (managing editor of the Washington Post), Jerry O'Leary (Washington Star), Hal Hendrix (Miami News), Barry Bingham Sr., (Louisville Courier-Journal), James Copley (Copley News Services) and Joseph Harrison (Christian Science Monitor). The questions from the unknown man next to me were very insistent, furtive. Wisner found one of his boys' shotguns and killed himself on October 29, 1965. It is doubtful that many of the lawmakers who voted for the 1947 Act could have envisioned the scale on which the CIA would engage in operational activities all over the world. Wisner was placed in charge of this new branch, and was beginning to find some real successes. Frank G. Wisner, an ex-OSS man, was brought in from the State Department to head it, with a cover title of his own invention. Most men brought their wives to these gatherings. "Incredible". Nixon asked a number of questions, concise and to the point, and demonstrated a thorough knowledge of the Guatemalan political situation. Wisner managed to get a copy of the speech that Nikita Khrushchev made at the 20th Party Congress in February, 1956, where Khrushchev launched an attack on the rule of Joseph Stalin. He was educated at Woodberry Forest School in Orange and the University of Virginia. Frank Wisner, who was part of the small network of OSS hands eager to get back in the spy game, had a solution to the problem. At Arlington Cemetery, Frank Wisner was buried as a naval commander, his wartime rank. In all, some 1,700 American POWs were transported. So still, there's still another, you know, year left in the war. A large staff under Desmond Fitzgerald of the Far East Division was set up. He was a good sprinter and hurdler and in 1936 was asked to compete in the Olympic trials. He is the son of Frank Wisner, Sr., a man very well known at the CIA, who was the operational chief to conduct at least three coups d'tat--Arbenz in Guatemala, Mossadeq . As Thomas Polgar later pointed out: "Sure, we never said rise up and revolt, but there was a lot of propaganda that led the Hungarians to believe that we would help. Frank Gardiner Wisner (June 23, 1909 - October 29, 1965) was head of Office of Strategic Services operations in southeastern Europe in 1944-1945 at the end of World War II, and served as the second Deputy Director of Plans (DDP) in charge of the Directorate of Plans (DDP) of the Central Intelligence Agency from August 23, 1951 to September 1958. However, he got bored and enlisted in the United States Navy six months before Pearl Harbor. He also serves on the advisory board of the National Security Network, and on the board of Refugees International. As soon as the war ended Truman ordered the OSS to be closed down leaving a small intelligence organization, the Strategic Services Unit (SSU) in the War Department. The Office of Policy Coordination (OPC) was funded by siphoning of funds intended for the Marshall Plan. On 18th June, 1954, aircraft dropped leaflets over Guatemala demanding that Arbenz resign immediately or else the county would be bombed. Vijay Prashad: Yes, the point is a very good one, why Margaret Scobey herself was not in charge of the deliberations. In 1950, the OPC was placed under the Central Intelligence Agency and renamed the Directorate of Plans. Frank G. Wisner, Sr. did not dabble in small matters. Later he became an informal adviser to the royal family. Britain and France were both initially in favour but eventually buckled under United States pressure and agreed to abstain. They were defiant and proud, but besieged. Who made that decision?". Wisner was a genteel lawyer from Mississippi who grew bored with office life and joined the Navy. After retiring from government service in 1997, Wisner joined the board at a subsidiary of Enron, the former energy company and served on the board of American International Group (AIG). Frank Wisner, the father of American covert operations, was both. In 1953 the brothers helped out Edward Lansdale and the CIA in the Philippines: "Wisner actively courted the Alsops, along with a few other newsmen he regarded as suitable outlets. The only thing theyre proving is the law of gravity, said one CIA officer. and a LL.B. Frank Gardner Wisner was born in Laurel, Mississippi, in 1910. Another project started by Wisner was called Operation Bloodstone. "Instead of a dirge, it was exuberant, powerful, exultant," recalled Tom Braden. He eventually had a breakdown, was hospitalized, and received an aggressive course of electroshock therapy. Nixon asked a number of questions, concise and to the point, and demonstrated a thorough knowledge of the Guatemalan political situation. President Dwight Eisenhower responded by claiming that Guatemala had a "communist dictatorship.. had established an outpost on this continent to the detriment of all the American nations". All results for Frank Wisner. He had upset the US government by nationalizing Iran's oil industry. The CIA propaganda campaign included the distribution of 100,000 copies of a pamphlet entitled Chronology of Communism in Guatemala. ANCExplorer Frank Wisner grave.jpg. He announced a change in policy and gave orders for the Soviet Union's political prisoners to be released. "Thanks Allen, and thanks to all of you. [20] After a lengthy recovery, Wisner became chief of the CIA's London Station. Carlos Castillo and his collection of soldiers now crossed the Honduran-Guatemalan border. Work out a new speech for Brad We went to the White House in the morning. Thus by overthrowing him, America was in effect making a new decision in the cold war. Under this innocuous title, the United States was now fully in the business of covert political operations. Edit Search New Search Jump to Filters. The President strode from the room. CIA, "Letter of . Hector and I smiled at each other as Brad flushed with pleasure. The company wanted $16 million for the land. Eisenhower shook hands all around. Wisner's other great success was the overthrow of Jacobo Arbenz. Frank George Wisner II (born July 2, 1938) is an American businessman and former diplomat who had served as acting United States Secretary of State for a few hours following the resignation of the previous acting United States Secretary of State Arnold Kanter at noon on January 20, 1993 until the confirmation by the United States Senate and swearing in of Warren Christopher as United States Secretary of State later that day. Frank Wisner killed himself with one of his son's shotguns on 29th October, 1965. Powered and implemented by FactSet Digital Solutions. During the Hungarian Uprising an estimated 20,000 people were killed. After the West German counterintelligence chief, Otto John, defected to the Soviet Union in 1954, Wisner fed Alsop a story that the West German spymaster had been kidnapped by the KGB. He was dismissed from the CIA in 1950 after an arrest a few years earlier brought his homosexuality to the attention of Senator Joseph McCarthy during the Lavender scare that saw a purge of the State Department personnel because of charges of homosexuality. President Dwight Eisenhower was delighted with this result and asked Wisner to arrange for Kermit Roosevelt to give him a personal briefing on Operation Ajax. "The cable was from Des FitzGerald. ", Assassination of John F. Kennedy Encyclopedia, In December, 1956, Wisner had a mental breakdown and was diagnosed as suffering from manic depression. Iranians took to the streets against Mohammed Mossadegh. However, in 1947, he was recruited by Dean Acheson, to work under Charles Saltzman, at the State Department's Office of Occupied Territories. Subscribe to our Spartacus Newsletter and keep up to date with the latest articles. CIA's Voice of Liberation also put out similar radio broadcasts. "The cable was from Des FitzGerald. Toriello accused the United States government of categorizing "as communism every manifestation of nationalism or economic independence, any desire for social progress, any intellectual curiosity, and any interest in progressive liberal reforms.". He was so depressed that his wife, Polly, worried that he would try to commit suicide. His lineage is impeccable, since his father, Frank Wisner Sr., was a senior CIA official (from 1947 until his suicide in 1965) who was involved in the overthrow of Arbenz of Guatemala (1954) and Mossadeq of Iran (1953). Their published recommendations included: the establishment of law and order through the retraining of the Iraqi army, focusing on the distribution of humanitarian assistance and reestablishment of vital services, and the importance of avoiding the appointment of exiled Iraqi opposition leaders to dominant positions in the new government. Date of death: 29 October 1965: Manner of death: suicide; Place of burial: Arlington National Cemetery (385229.114N 77414.088W, Section 6, grave 9395-C, 1965) Pseudonym: . Legal Statement. Almost 30 years after the fall of communism in. Wisner added that he felt personally betrayed by this behaviour. Frank Wisner, the first chief of the CIA's covert-operations unit, provides a top-down view of the early Cold War, while Michael Burke, a jack-of-all-trades charmer, delivers an agent's . Allen W. Dulles therefore sent him to London to be CIA chief of station in England. It has been estimated that between January and June, 1954, the CIA spent about $20 million on Castillo's army. In July 19, 1954, he created the National Committee of Defense Against Communism and decreed the Preventive Penal Law Against Communism to fight against those who supported Arbenz when he was in power. ", Wisner, who had been involved in creating this propaganda, told friends that he felt the American government had let Hungary down. Wisner's death saddened but did not shock his colleagues. Later, John Loftus, a prosecutor with the Office of Special Investigations at the U.S. Justice Department, accused Wisner of methodically recruiting Nazi war criminals. According to Donald N. Wilber, who was involved in this CIA plot to remove Mossadegh from power, in early August, 1953, Iranian CIA operatives, pretending to be socialists, threatened Muslim leaders with "savage punishment if they opposed Mossadegh," thereby giving the impression that Mossadegh was cracking down on dissent. In the darkness I could see only a silhouette of the person entering the room; when the door closed it was dark again, and I could not make out the features of the man standing next to me. He was Richard Nixon, the Vice President. American diplomat and politician (born 1938), Genevieve Jeanne Marie du Fresne de Virel, Under Secretary of State for International Security Affairs, United States Ambassador to the Philippines, The Arab Gulf States Institute in Washington, "The extended family of Nicolas Sarkozy (de Nagy-Bocsa)", "La Giustizia amministrativa: Raccolta completa contenente le decisioni tutte della IV sezione del Consiglio di Stato, le decisioni pi importanti della Corte dei conti in materia di conti comunali, provinciali ed erariali, e di pensioni, le pi importanti sentenze della Corte di cassazione di Roma in materia elettorale e di competenza e monografie relative a questioni amministrative", "Nomination of Frank G. Wisner To Be United States Ambassador to Egypt", "Guiding Principles for U.S. Post-Conflict Policy in Iraq", "Ambassador Frank G. Wisner Joins Ergo's Advisory Board", "Frank Wisner, the Diplomat Sent to Prod Mubarak", Obama Egypt Envoy Frank Wisner Says Mubarak Should Stay, Under Secretary of State for Arms Control and International Security Affairs, United States Ambassadors to the Philippines, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frank_G._Wisner&oldid=1135372820, Ambassadors of the United States to the Philippines, Ambassadors of the United States to India, Ambassadors of the United States to Egypt, Ambassadors of the United States to Zambia, United States Under Secretaries of Defense for Policy, People of the Egyptian revolution of 2011, Acting United States Secretaries of State, People associated with Squire Patton Boggs, Short description is different from Wikidata, All Wikipedia articles needing clarification, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2015, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 24 January 2023, at 07:44. If it gets near the coast of Guatemala we'll sink the son-of-a-bitch. ' However, the CIA Voice of Liberation successfully convinced Arbenz's supporters that two large and heavily armed columns of invaders were moving towards Guatemala City. Mutual Fund and ETF data provided byRefinitiv Lipper. On October 28, before he drove out to his farm on the Eastern Shore of Maryland, she called the caretaker and asked him to remove the guns from the house. Hoover, claimed that Caradja was a Soviet agent. With the help of resident Anastasio Somoza, Castillo had formed a rebel army in Nicaragua. He worked in the Navy's censor's office before managing to get a transfer to the Office of Strategic Services (OSS). We and our partners use cookies to Store and/or access information on a device. "He realized that his life would be circumscribed by increasing cycles of depression. He worked tirelessly during the Hungarian Uprising in 1956 to roll back Soviet expansion, but was largely ignored for fear of triggering a nuclear war. It was not successful and still suffering from depression, he was released from hospital in 1958. Brad finished and the lights went up. Over the next few weeks thousands were arrested on suspicion of communist activity. Graham himself recruited others who had worked for military intelligence during the war. While its reductive to say the aftermath drove Wisner mad, its fair to say that it didnt help matters. Wisner, one of the early members of the Central Intelligence Agency, helped build, and was the . I suspect that had we known more (it would have just made us more appreciative.) Arbenz, on the other hand, had simply been trying to reform his country and had not sought foreign help in this. On August 29, 1944, Lt. Comdr. Traduzioni in contesto per "revel fue" in spagnolo-italiano da Reverso Context: Lo que revel fue mucho ms. The Office of Policy Coordination (OPC) was funded by siphoning of funds intended for the Marshall Plan. The growth of the OSS brought conflict with John Edgar Hoover who saw it as a rival to the Federal Bureau of Investigation. Frank Gardiner Wisner (June 23, 1909 - October 29, 1965) was head of Office of Strategic Services operations in southeastern Europe in 1944-1945 at the end of World War II, and served as the 2nd Deputy Director of Plans in charge of the Directorate of Plans of the Central Intelligence Agency from August 23, 1951 to January 1, 1959. Market data provided by Factset. He became Assistant Director of the Office of Policy Coordination. To view the purposes they believe they have legitimate interest for, or to object to this data processing use the vendor list link below. What right do we have to help someone topple his government and throw him out of office?" Quotes displayed in real-time or delayed by at least 15 minutes. Wisner moved to Washington where he associated with a group of journalists, politicians and government officials that became known as the Georgetown Set. He was impressive - not at all the disturbing man he was in the shadows. He was first stationed in Cairo where he spent an uneventful year. In March 1953, 209,842 acres of United Fruit Company's uncultivated land was taken by the government which offered compensation of $525,000. He retired in 1963, and committed suicide with a shotgun in 1965. Others like Stewart Alsop, Joseph Alsop and James Reston, were recruited from within the Georgetown Set. Frank Gardiner Wisner was one of the founding officers of the Central Intelligence Agency and played a major role in CIA operations throughout the 1950s. In April 1962 Richard Helms recalled Wisner to Washington. He was educated at Woodberry Forest School in Orange and the University of Virginia. Death 29 Oct 1965 (aged 56) Kent . [10], Wisner died by suicide on October 29, 1965.[22]. During the war William Donovan as head of the OSS, had built up a team of 16,000 agents working behind enemy lines. Wisner committed suicide. A month earlier word had spread through the agency that the New York Times was embarking on a first-ever investigation of the CIA. He was so depressed that his wife, Polly, worried that he would try to commit suicide. Wisner became head of this new organization and Richard Helms became his chief of operations. The consent submitted will only be used for data processing originating from this website. Some of our partners may process your data as a part of their legitimate business interest without asking for consent. Kermit Roosevelt, the grandson of Theodore Roosevelt, was put in charge of what became known as Operation Ajax. Wisner added that he felt personally betrayed by this behaviour. . He announced a change in policy and gave orders for the Soviet Union's political prisoners to be released. He served in South Vietnam until 1969, when he returned to the State Department as officer in charge of Tunisian affairs. It wasnt long before the United States recognized the obvious mistake it had made in shutting down its intelligence capabilities. The Central Intelligence Agency decided that Arbenz had to be removed from power. Graham himself recruited others who had worked for military intelligence during the war. Wisner Junior was well-known in the CIA and he worked as Under Secretary of Defense for Policy and Under Secretary of . On January 4, 1951, the CIA merged the two offices and created a new Plans Division, which has had sole control over secret operations of all types since that date.
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